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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft or CABG

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG- pronounced as “cabbage”) surgery is the most common type of heart surgery, according to the American Heart Association. Coronary artery bypass graft surgeries are recommended to patients who are at risk of a heart attack (also known as myocardial infarction), due to significant narrowing or blockages of the heart vessels. These narrowing or blockages of the heart blood vessels, also known as coronary artery disease, can cause a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle. When the narrowing of the blood vessel is more than 50 to 70 percent, there is not enough blood flow to the heart during exercise/activity. Blood carries oxygen throughout our body, including our heart, and when our heart is starved of this oxygen-rich blood (ischemia) it can cause chest pain (also referred to as angina pectoris), which can then lead to a heart attack. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery reestablishes sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to the heart, by taking a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body (called a graft) and bypassing the blocked artery to create a new path for blood flow. 

coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass graft


Diagnostic tests for coronary artery disease

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): A minimally invasive test that is used to reflect underlying heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart.
  • Stress Test: An electrocardiographic test of heart function before, during and after a controlled period of increasingly strenuous exercise.
  • Echocardiography: The use of ultrasound to examine the structure and functioning of the heart for abnormalities and heart disease.

  • Coronary Angiography: An X-ray image of blood vessels after they are filled with contrast material. This is the primary method for evaluating the presence of coronary artery disease and the exact location and severity of the coronary artery disease. 

Benefits of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)

Coronary artery bypass surgery will improve blood flow to the heart. CABG surgery will relieve chest pain, fatigue, and other symptoms of coronary artery disease. The grafting procedure that surgeons perform results in an increase in blood flow, decreasing the probability of a heart attack. The procedure can also enable a patient to manage risk factors of their coronary artery disease and prevent future blockages. 

Possible surgical complications:
  • Bleeding during or after the surgery
  • Blood clots that can cause heart attack, stroke, or lung problems
  • Infection at the incision site
  • Pneumonia
  • Breathing problems
  • Pancreatitis
  • Kidney failure
  • Abnormal heart rhythms
  • Failure of the graft
  • Death

There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor before the procedure.

Preparing for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

The surgeons who will perform your procedure will give you detailed instructions on how to prepare for your surgery.  Here are some basic guidelines:
  • If you smoke, quit as soon as possible prior to the surgery.
  • Notify your doctors of all the medications that you take, including over-the-counter medications.
  • Pack light for your hospital stay. Bring necessities like a toothbrush and glasses if you wear them. Do not bring valuables or jewelry.
  • DO NOT eat or drink anything after midnight before the CABG surgery, including water.

The day of your coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

Once at the facility, a nurse will start an IV line in your arm or your hand which will provide access for fluids and medications required during the heart surgery. If needed, hair will be removed from your chest and any other incision sites for a sterile field. Anesthesia will be given before the surgery starts and this will keep you free from any pain during the procedure. Anesthesia will put you into a deep sleep state, and a tube will be placed in your mouth down your throat to take over your breathing during the surgery. 

How a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is performed

Preparing the graft for bypass

arterial venous graft

The blood vessels most commonly used for the bypass are the saphenous vein from the leg and the internal mammary artery located on the left side of the chest wall. Another option is the radial artery located in the arm. 

Getting to the heart
The cardiac surgeon makes an incision down the middle of the chest and divides the sternum (breastbone). This procedure is called a median (middle) sternotomy.

The heart is cooled with iced salt water. A preservative solution is then injected into the blood vessels of the heart. This process minimizes damage caused by reduced blood flow during surgery.

Heart-Lung Machine (“On-pump” CABG)
A heart-lung machine (Cardiopulmonary bypass) must be established before attaching the grafted artery can take place. Plastic tubes are placed into the right side of the heart to channel non-oxygenated blood out of the body and into the heart-lung machine. Once the carbon dioxide is extracted from the blood and the blood is oxygenated, it can be returned to the body throughout the surgery.

“Off-pump CABG” is a coronary artery bypass graft surgery performed without the use of a heart-lung machine. Once your doctor has opened the chest, he or she will stabilize the area around the artery to be bypassed with a special instrument. The rest of the heart will continue to function and pump blood through the body. The heart-lung bypass machine and the person who runs it may be kept on stand-by just in case the procedure needs to be completed on bypass.

Attaching the graft

The grafting portion of the surgery can now begin by attaching a grafted blood vessel beginning at the aorta to beyond the narrowing or blockage, also known as an aortocoronary bypass. Once the graft is prepared it will be sewn into place. You may have heard the words single bypass, double bypass, triple bypass or quadruple bypass surgeries. These refer to the number of arteries that are bypassed, and it does not necessarily indicate how severe the heart disease is. Once the graft has been attached, blood will start flowing in this new pathway, bypassing the blockage. 

Finishing the coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Before the chest is closed, the doctor will closely examine the grafts to make sure they are working.  The breastbone is then wired together, and the chest incision is closed.  Chest tubes are left in place to allow drainage of any remaining blood from the space around the heart and are usually taken out of the body within a couple of days. 

After the coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Helping You Breathe
  • The tube that is helping you breathe will be in place and need to stay in place until your vital signs are stable enough to remove it.
  • Expect nurses to ask you questions that require you to nod your head, indicating a “Yes or No” answer.
  • After the removal of the tube, expect to have a mask or small prongs in your nose so you can continue to receive supplemental oxygen.
  • You will be required to do breathing exercises every hour in a device, called an incentive spirometer and encouraged to do as much physical activity as possible to prevent pneumonia, blood clots, and other complications.
Patient Care
  • An IV will be present throughout your hospital stay to provide medications and fluids.
  • An arterial line will be present in your wrist or upper arm to monitor accurate blood pressure or other pressures in your heart.
  • Chest tubes will be present to drain out fluid in your chest from the surgery.
  • A urinary catheter will be present to drain out urine.
  • Temporary pacing wires, from your chest to your heart, will be present for regulation of the heart beat if needed.
  • If needed, an intra-aortic balloon pump will be present to take over some of the heart’s pumping function.

  • This is necessary if the heart needs to relax and recover from the CABG surgery, and you will be sedated until this is removed. 

Managing Pain
  • Pain will be managed by medications through your IV or in pill form.
  • It is important to notify the nurse if the pain medication is not helping and to be honest in expressing how much pain you feel.

Going Home

The cardiac surgeon and nurse navigator will prepare you for the next steps upon discharge from the hospital. New medications and adjustments will be discussed, and directions will be given on how and when to take them. Daily activities like driving, sexual activity, and work will all be discussed, but it typically takes several weeks before patients are able to resume these activities. If needed, arrangements can be made for those who need to be at a skilled nursing facility to help them recover.

Cardiac Rehabilitation

You will be referred to cardiac rehab after your open heart surgery. A team of specialists (doctors, nurses, exercise specialists, dietitians, and counselors) will work with you to educate and instruct you about life after heart surgery. You will learn safe ways to strengthen your heart through exercise and the best ways to shop and eat for a healthy heart. The Cardiac Rehabilitation Team will help you manage risk factors for coronary artery disease which includes high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking. Counseling is also available to help you deal with the emotional aspects of open heart surgery. Your family is encouraged to be involved so they can be educated as well. Click here to find out more about San Antonio's Cardiac Rehab program.

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